Following the Invasion of Poland of September 1939 that started the Second World War, a period of inaction called the Reynaud issued an appeal: “Today the life of France is at stake…Our fight, each day more painful, has no further sense if in continuing we do not see even far away the hope of a common victory growing.” On June 15 the capture of Verdun placed German armies well behind the Maginot Line, and the following day Reynaud resigned as premier. The battle fo… That attack, when it finally did come, made almost no progress against French defenses. Resistance along the Somme was stiff for the first two days, but on June 7 the most westerly armoured corps broke through on the roads to Rouen, with Rommel leading. Military historian and strategist, author of the British Army’s 1920 infantry training manual, numerous military biographies, and the comprehensive, Learn about the German invasion of France and the neutral nations of Belgium and Holland and the Dunkirk evacuation. The event took place in the same rail coach used by … Reynaud and the government had already left Paris for Tours, and there seemed to be no concrete military purpose in defending the city. After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, six months of relative calm descended on Europe. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 426 relations. The Historiography of the Battle of France describes how the German victory over French and British forces in the Battle of France had been explained by historians and others. The political effects of the loss of Norway were immediate and far-reaching, however. By the time France had been overrun and the British forces evacuated, just 331 RAF fighters remained operational. Alexander notes that Belgium and the Netherlands fell to the German army in a matter of days and the British were soon driven back to the British Isles, But it was France… By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Corrections? Disabled or abandoned French tanks after an engagement during the Battle of France. The Battle of Baugé, fought between the English and a Franco-Scots army on 22 March 1421 at Baugé, France, east of Angers, was a major defeat for the English in the Hundred Years' War. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). For example, the decision to distinguish the two sides as “France and allies” and “Germany and allies” may undermine the role Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy played in the battle. the Second World War, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the successful German invasion of France and the Low Countries, beginning on 10 May 1940, defeating primarily French forces.The battle consisted of two main operations. On 3 September 1939 France had declared war on Germany, following the German invasion of Poland. In early September 1939, France launched the Saar Offensive, For the new offensive, German forces were redistributed, with two fresh armies (the Second and the Ninth) being inserted along the Aisne sector (between the Oise and the Meuse). Unable to reach Dunkirk, Cherbourg, or any of the other evacuation ports and having exhausted their supplies and ammunition, Maj. Gen. Victor Fortune and the 10,000 men under his command surrendered to the Germans. The Fall of France. That same day on the Channel coast, the 51st Highland Division, a BEF unit that had been placed under French command, was facing the inevitable at Saint-Valéry-en-Caux. Although Chamberlain survived that motion, dozens of members of his own party voted against him, and his Conservative government was on the verge of toppling. He emphasized that, if Belgium and the Netherlands would not agree to this and if the French government was unwilling to override their neutrality, the prospect was dim. In the early dawn hours of April 9, German troops crossed the Danish border, and German warships sailed into Copenhagen’s harbour. Commonly accepted figures are: 27,074 killed, 111,034 wounded and 18,384 missing.Nevertheless, Germans killed may have been as high as 49,000 men, due to additional non-combat causes, wounded who died and missing who were confirmed dead. The Allied force at Narvik succeeded in taking that city in early June, only to be withdrawn days later. The German and Italian invasions of France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands in 1940, one of the first campaigns of the Second World War. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. News of that event was radioed to Berlin, and six hours later, at 12:35 am on June 25, 1940, hostilities between France, Germany, and Italy were ended. The French had hardly dented the foremost layers of the German defense on the Franco-German frontier before the Germans had overrun Poland and returned to the West in force. The English army was led by the king's brother Thomas, Duke of Clarence , while the Franco-Scots were led by both John Stewart, Earl of Buchan , and Gilbert Motier de La Fayette , the Marshal of France . During ‘Fall Gelb’ or Case Yellow, German mechanized units pushed through the Ardennes to surround the Allied units stationed in Belgium. Battle of Bapaume: 3 January 1871: France: None Prussia: Defeat Battle of Villersexel: 9 January 1871: France: None Prussia: Victory Battle of Le Mans: 11–12 January 1871: France: None Prussia: Defeat Battle of the Lisaine: 15–28 January 1871: France: None Prussia: Defeat Battle of St. Quentin: 19 January 1871: France: None Germany: Defeat Battle of Buzenval: 19 January 1871: France The collapse of France, just six weeks after Hitler's initial assault, ripped up the balance of power in Europe. On April 7–8, 1940, the British began laying mines in Norwegian territorial waters; by that point, however, German plans were well advanced and the invasion was all but underway. Beginning on April 14, the Anglo-French Allies landed expeditionary forces on the Norwegian coast, at Åndalsnes and Namsos near Trondheim in central Norway and at Narvik in the far north. The Battle of Abbeville took place from 27 May to 4 June 1940, near Abbeville during the Battle of France in the Second World War. The swastika flag of Nazi Germany flying over a fort in occupied Denmark. It was soon evident that the immediate German objective was not simply the capture of Paris but the wholesale destruction of the remaining French armies in the field. The offensive there did not open until June 9, but it made quick progress. In just over six weeks, German armed forces overran Belgium and the Netherlands, drove the British Expeditionary Force from the Continent, captured Paris, and forced the surrender of the French government. The Seeds of Disaster: The Development of French Army Doctrine, 1919-1939, Archon, 1986. The Battle of Malakoff (1855) during the Crimean War, by Horace Vernet (1858) This is a chronological list of the battles involving France from the reign of Clovis I (481–511) to the ongoing military operations. In just over six weeks, German armed forces overran Belgium and the Netherlands, drove the British Expeditionary Force from the Continent, captured … Battle of Britain International Ltd.. Six nations locked in aerial combat - September 1939 to June 1940. That is because the battle took place in France and was part of the Hundred Years War rather than Scotland’s Wars of Independence. The Battle of France, also referred to as The Fall of France, was a battle that took place during the Second World War in May of 1940. By early June 1940 Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and the Netherlands had fallen, the British had been driven into the sea, and the Germans had taken more than one million Allied prisoners in the space of three weeks. Absent was Reynaud, who had advocated a continuation of the fight from French North Africa, while prominent posts went to appeasers such as Pierre Laval, who urged cooperation with the Third Reich at virtually every turn. Battle of France. The Battle of France, 1940 book. At 4:00 am on June 5, 1940, the German offensive was launched, initially on the western stretch between Laon and the Channel, with a barrage of dive-bombers and a powerful thrust of mechanized and armoured troops. "The Battle of France is over: the Battle of Britain is about to begin. The French command decided to withdraw its divisions to the shelter of its own Maginot Line. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Adolf Hitler (centre) posing in front of the Eiffel Tower in Paris shortly after signing an armistice with France, June 1940. The left pincer, from Peronne, was hung up by tough opposition north of Compiègne. https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/b/Battle_of_France.htm The Germans had brought their 10 seasoned armoured divisions back up to strength with relays of fresh tanks, while their 130 infantry divisions were almost untouched. Battle of France (May 10–June 25, 1940), during World War II, the German invasion of the Low Countries and France. The Battle of France, known as ‘The Fall of France’ took place in World War II, when German forces invaded the Low Countries and France. This effort came to naught, however, when German parachute infantry landed at the Oslo airfield and captured the city later in the day. This was designed to capitalise on Allied expectations that Germany would once again focus on invading France through Belgium. The battle was made up of two main operations. Battle of France Infobox.png 506 × 509; 290 KB Beschädigte Brücke und Gebäude in Frankreich 1940.jpg 852 × 800; 191 KB Binnenschiffe 1940 französischer Fluss.jpg 1,348 × 800; 205 KB The Battle of France saw German forces sweep across the Low Countries and towards Paris, crushing Allied resistance in just six weeks. The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War. Guderian was given command of a group of two armoured corps that were moved into readiness there. Although Pétain’s cabinet included Weygand as defense minister, its composition left little doubt that the government had been formed to bring the war to an end. France, Battle of French Gen. Charles Huntziger signing surrender documents near Compiègne, France, June 22, 1940. Updates? Simultaneously, German warships appeared in the fjord leading to Oslo, and German aircraft swarmed in the skies above the Norwegian capital. On 20 May, the 2nd Panzer Division advanced 90 km to Abbeville on the English Channel, overran the 25th Infantry Brigade of the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division and captured the town at 8:30 p.m. The OKH decided to pull back Kleist’s group and switch it east to back up a breakthrough in Champagne. As this wider alternative was ruled out, Gamelin saw no point in courting heavy losses and wearing down the French army’s morale by pressing the attack on the Rhine-Moselle sector. German forces invaded areas of France pushing the British Forces (British Expeditionary Force BEF) and French forces (Dunkirk) back to … By June 8 German armies had crossed the Avre at Roye, and the capture of Noyon gave the Germans passage over the Oise. Kleist was left with two corps, to strike from the bridgeheads over the Somme at Amiens and Péronne, respectively, in a pincer move aimed to converge on the lower reach of the Oise near Creil. The new French front along the Somme and the Aisne was dubbed the Weygand Line. There were delays, as the Germans were now in no hurry, but on June 21, 1940, the surrender terms were dictated, in the presence of Hitler, in the same railway car at Compiègne where the armistice of November 11, 1918, had been signed. The military costs of the battle for Norway were relatively light, in accordance with the size of the forces engaged. Overview of the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, 1940. BATTLE OF FRANCE IN WORLD WAR II. The drive raced over the Langres Plateau to Besançon and the Swiss frontier, cutting off all the French forces in the Maginot Line. These groups were unable to get any heavy artillery or mechanized equipment ashore, and their antiaircraft defenses were largely nonexistent. British sea power could not disrupt the movement of men and supplies from Germany, whereas German air power proved more than capable of interfering with the landing of Allied reinforcements near Trondheim. French Gen. Charles Huntziger signing surrender documents near Compiègne, France, June 22, 1940. Although intelligence was received by … Following this operation, which was carried out in the first week of May, the Germans were uncontested masters of southern and central Norway. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. By early 1940, however, both German leader Adolf Hitler and the Allies were contemplating the expansion of the war into Scandinavia. Hitler was emboldened by the lackluster Allied performance in Norway, and, while Chamberlain was making a last desperate attempt to save his administration, Germany was preparing for another offensive. It was longer than the original Franco-Belgian frontier, while the forces available to hold it were greatly diminished in both numbers and morale. Within hours Chamberlain announced his resignation, and by that evening Churchill had been confirmed as prime minister at the head of a unity government. British First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill had formulated a plan to mine the Norwegian port of Narvik in an effort to disrupt the flow of coal from neutral Norway to Germany, while Norwegian fascist Vidkun Quisling had personally urged Hitler to occupy his country. This video is a summary of the Battle of France.... During the second year of World War Two Germany invaded and defeated France in a campaign lasting six weeks. The main assault came from the German-French border, with over 4,000,000 Troops, 4,000 armored vehicles and over 4,000 aircraft launched a massive blitz-styled attack on the preparing French defenders. Both the declaration and Italy’s active participation made little difference in the course of the Battle of France. Many people in 1940 found the fall of France unexpected and earth shaking. Although the Italians had some 30 divisions available on their Alpine frontier, they delayed their strike on southeastern France until June 20, when the matter had been all but settled. The remaining armoured corps was to advance between Amiens and the sea. Battle of France, (May 10–June 25, 1940), during World War II, the German invasion of the Low Countries and France. Yet apart from a few Frenchmen fighting on “our” side, this was very much a Scottish victory over an English army, and it changed the course of European history. German overall casualties are hard to determine. Main entrance to the Schoenenbourg Fort on the Maginot Line, Bas-Rhin department, Alsace region, France. The French had lost 30 of their own divisions thus far, but Weygand mustered 49 divisions to cover the new front, leaving 17 to hold the Maginot Line. Weygand told Reynaud and the other ministers on June 12 that France’s war was lost and that further combat was fruitless. The French were forced to carry out a general retirement from the sea to a point east of Soissons, along a front of some 100 miles (160 km). Fortune would become the highest-ranking British prisoner of war captured by Germany. Members of the British 51st Highland Division at Veules-les-Roses, France, after the surrender of French and British forces in the area, June 1940. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, The “phony war” and the invasion of Denmark and Norway, Allied defenses and the German plan of attack, The fall of the Netherlands (May 10–14, 1940), The Battle of Belgium and the defense of the Channel ports (May 10–June 4, 1940), The Belgian collapse and the Dunkirk evacuation, Italian entrance into war and the capture of Paris, The end of the Third Republic and the creation of Vichy France. Battle of France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "The battle for France had cost the Luftwaffe 28 percent of its front line strength, some 1,236[6]—1,428 aircraft destroyed (1,129 to enemy action, 299 in accidents). Meanwhile, German forces were closing in on the French capital. The Order of Battle for the Battle of France details the hierarchy of the major combatant forces in the Battle of France in May 1940. During this time the Germans penetrated the Rhône valley as far as Lyon; that city changed hands several times before it was finally ceded to the French under the armistice terms. Kleist’s pincer stroke, however, did not go according to plan. Elsewhere in Norway, German forces seized Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger, and Narvik. The “phony war” and the invasion of Denmark and Norway, Allied defenses and the German plan of attack, The fall of the Netherlands (May 10–14, 1940), The Battle of Belgium and the defense of the Channel ports (May 10–June 4, 1940), The Belgian collapse and the Dunkirk evacuation, Italian entrance into war and the capture of Paris, The end of the Third Republic and the creation of Vichy France, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-France-World-War-II, Eye Witness to History.com - France Surrenders, 1940. The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War. German U-boats spent the “phony war” period sinking scores of Allied merchant ships, and the Germans sent out diplomatic feelers in the hopes that a negotiated peace would allow them to consolidate their already significant gains. The German flag flying from the Arc de Triomphe during the German occupation of Paris, June 1940. Within two days, the Germans had taken most of the strategic centres of Norway, and the Norwegian army never had a real chance to mobilize. As rumours of a planned Allied violation of Norway’s neutrality swirled, the Germans initiated preparations for an offensive in Scandinavia. The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War. The government of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, whose war efforts were characterized by former prime minister David Lloyd George as “always too late or too little,” was subjected to a vote of confidence on May 8. On June 17 Pétain asked the Germans for honourable terms of armistice. Battle of France Part of the Second World War: Clockwise from top left: German Panzer IV tanks passing through a town in France; German soldiers marching past the Arc de Triomphe after the surrender of Paris, June 14, 1940; Column of French Renault R35 tanks at Sedan, Ardennes; British and French prisoners at Veules-les-Roses; French soldiers on review within the Maginot Line fortifications. On June 10, 1940, Italy declared war on Britain and France. In September 1939, Belgium and the Netherlands were still neutral. Norwegian shore batteries offered a spirited defense of Oslo, sinking the German heavy cruiser Blücher and checking the approach of German seaborne forces. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This was an unquestionably correct appraisal of the military situation; entire French armies were disintegrating under the weight of the German onslaught. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The German Invasion of France was a decisive battle over the country, and the last independent nation on European mainland. The Allied victory at Narvik was undone by the desperate need for troops in France, where the German blitzkrieg was making short work of the French defenses. Winston Churchill And His Finest Hour Among the topics are the Battle of France and the Dunkirk evacuation, fighting on the edge from North Africa to Italy, the war against Japan a long way from home, Ireland's Jews and fighting the final solution, and modern warfare. I do not own, nor do I or intend to profit from this content whatsoever. Gen. Maurice Gamelin, the French commander in chief, had argued that France’s only path to success would lie in “extending our front of attack” from the Moselle River to Maastricht, Netherlands, for an advance through Belgium and part of the Netherlands to the lower Rhine. Reynaud responded to the loss of Paris by relocating the government from Tours to Bordeaux, as Tours was on the new French defensive line on the Loire. The Battle Of France Then And Now. He was succeeded by Philippe Pétain, who had rallied his country at the World War I Battle of Verdun with the cry, “Ils ne passeront pas” (“They shall not pass.”). Doughty, Robert Allan. The Battle of France is the name of the World War II battle between the Allied Powers and Germany in and around France. For such a recent and famous battle, my animation is certain to stir controversy at seemingly trivial levels. The battle took place from May 10th to June 25th in 1940 after the end of the period of waiting ( … On 3 September 1939 France had declared war on Germany, following the invasion of its ally Poland. From Fall Gelb and the British withdrawal from Dunkirk to the decisive Fall Rot, this new supplement for Bolt Action allows players to take command of the bitter fighting for France, and to refight the key battles of this campaign. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The event took place in the same rail coach used by the French in 1918 to dictate terms to Germany. On June 24 the Franco-Italian armistice was concluded at the Villa Incisa outside Rome. Read 7 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. In a reversal of the Schlieffen Plan, which Germany adopted in approaching France in 1914, the German command decided to push into France through the Luxembourg Ardennes, ignoring the Maginot Line and enacting Mannstein’s Sichelsnitt (sickle-cut) plan. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was wholly unprepared to take advantage of Germany’s invasion of Poland, and, if Italy were to derive any benefit from the Pact of Steel, it seemed that Mussolini would have to act before Germany single-handedly drove the Allies to sue for peace. There was little organized resistance, and by noon the whole of Denmark was occupied. In the token On June 14 the French army evacuated Paris, and the Germans entered the city later that day. During a period dubbed the “phony war” by the press, the conflict between France and Germany was confined to a 100-mile (160-km) stretch of common frontier between the Rhine River and the Luxembourg border, and any pressure was limited to narrow sectors of this area. The following day the French accepted the terms, but they were required to conclude a separate armistice with the Italians before the German armistice became effective. After several failed attempts to penetrate Norway and link up with the Norwegian resistance, the Allied effort had to be abandoned and the troops withdrawn, except from Narvik. On the morning of May 10, German troops, tanks, and aircraft poured into the Low Countries. The defense then collapsed in confusion, and the Germans met no serious resistance in crossing the Seine on June 9. The British lost several destroyers during the campaign, and the aircraft carrier Glorious was sunk while covering the evacuation convoys from Narvik. Infantry secured crossings of the Aisne, and Guderian’s tanks swept through the breach toward Chalons-sur-Marne and then eastward. Omissions? 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